Deadwood in Forest Ecosystems

Until recently, deadwood was perceived as a negative element of forest ecosystems, that indicates “mismanagement, negligence, and wastefulness” of the applied forest management (Stachura et al., 2007). It was regarded as a potential source of biotic pests, mainly insects (Bütler, 2003; Marage & Lemperiere, 2005), to remaining trees in a forest as well as to adjacent stands (Pasierbek et al., 2007). The presence of deadwood was also seen as a threat of the spread of abiotic disturbances, e.g fire (Thomas, 2002; Travaglini et al., 2007). In managed stands, deadwood represented an obstacle to silvicultural activities (Travaglini & Chirici, 2006; Travaglini et al., 2007), and reforestation (Thomas, 2002). Considering forest workers and visitors, standing dead trees have been seen as a threat to public safety (Peterken, 1996; Thomas, 2002) that had to be removed immediately after they had occurred (Pasierbek et al., 2007). For these reasons, sanitary cuttings have been common forestry activities not only in managed forests, but also in protected areas (Pasierbek et al., 2007; Stachura et al., 2007). In Europe, the maintenance of “hygienic standards” of a forest through systematic removal of sick, dying, and dead trees has been a common practice for more than 200 years (Stachura et al., 2007). In traditional systems, nearly every piece of wood would have been utilised (Mössmer, 1999; Butler et al., 2002). While large deadwood was usually extracted from the forests during stand tending (Radu, 2007), small wood pieces and leftovers were often burnt (Travaglini & Chirici, 2006). This intense forest exploitation has led to a substantial decrease of deadwood quantities (Travaglini & Chirici, 2006).